pencemaran udara dan solusinya (AIR POLLUTION IMPACTS AND SOLUTIONS)

Air pollution is the presence of one or more physical substance, chemical, or biological atmospheric quantities that could endanger human health, animals, and plants, interfere with the aesthetics and comfort, or property damage. Air pollution can be caused by natural sources and human activities. Some definitions of physical disturbances such as noise, heat, radiation or light pollution is considered as air pollution. The nature of air pollution impacts may be direct and local, regional, and global levels.
 Air is an important factor in life, but with increasing physical development and town centers of industry, air quality has changed. The air that was once fresh is now dry and dirty. This if not immediately addressed, these changes can be harmful to human health, animal and plant life. Air pollution is defined as the presence of substances or foreign substances in the air that causes the change in the (composition) of air from its normal state. The presence of a foreign substance or substances in the air in a certain amount and be in the air in a long time, will be able to interfere with human life. When such a situation occurs then the air is said to have been contaminated. Based on Government Regulation No.. 41, 1999 regarding Air Pollution Control, is the air pollution is the inclusion or dimaksuknya substances, energy and / or other components into the ambient air by human activities so that the ambient air quality decreases to a certain level which causes ambient air does not fulfill its function.It has been realized together, the current air quality has become a global issue, because the air has been polluted by human activities and natural processes. Entry of contaminants into the air can be quite naturally, such as forest fire smoke, caused by volcanoes, meteorites and dust emission of sea salt; also largely caused by human activity, for example due to the activity of transport, industry, waste disposal, either due to decomposition or burning and household activitiesThere are 2 types of pollutants are as follows:
    a. The primary contaminants, the chemical that directly contaminate the air in harmful concentrations. The substance bersal of natural air components such as carbon dioxide, which rises above the normal concentration, or something that does not usually, found in the air, such as lead.
     b. Secondary pollutants, harmful chemicals that are formed in the atmosphere through chemical reactions between the components of air.The primary pollutant source can be further divided into two major categories:
      1. Natural resourcesSome natural events which can cause air pollution is volcanic activity, forest fires, the activities of microorganisms, and others. Generated pollutants generally is smoke, gases, and dust.
      2. Manmade sourcesHuman activities that generate pollutants assortment include the following activities:
   a. Combustion, such as waste incineration, combustion in household activities, industrial, automotive, and others. Pollutants generated include smoke, dust, grit (fine sand), and gas (CO and NO).
     b. Smelting process, such as steel smelting process, making soda, cement, ceramics, asphalt. While it produces pollutants include dust, fumes and gases.
    c. Mining and quarrying, such mining minerals and metals. Pollutants generated mainly dust.
    d. Such as processing and heating processes in the food processing, meat, fish, and tanning. Pollutants generated mainly smoke, dust, and odors.
     e. Waste disposal, both industrial waste and household waste. Contamination is primarily from the water treatment plant discharge. While materials are teruatam pencemarnya H2S gas which is causing foul smell.
    f. Chemical processes, such as the process of fertilization, the process of refining petroleum, mineral processing. Kris-making, and others. Pollutants generated include dust, fumes and gases
     g. Development process such as the construction of buildings, roads and such activities. Pencemarnya material which is mainly smoke and dust.
    h. Experimental atomic or nuclear processes. Pencemarnya materials are mainly gases and radioactive dust.
      Types of Air PollutantsThere are several air pollutants that are often found in cities. Judging from the physical characteristics, pollutants can be:a. Particles (dust, aerosols, lead)b. Gas (carbon monoxide / CO, sulfur oxides / SOx, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides / NOx, H2S and oxidant ozone and PAN)c. Energy (temperature and noise)Pollutants is subject to special rules for monitoring because it can be dangerous to health.Impact of Air Pollution1. Health impactsSubstances contained in air pollutants can enter the body through the respiratory system. Away penetration of contaminants into the body depending on the type of pollutant. Large particulates can be retained in the upper respiratory tract, whereas small-sized particulates and gases can reach the lungs. Of the lungs, pollutants are absorbed by the circulatory system and spread throughout the body.Health impact of the most common is the ISNA (upper respiratory infection), including, asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory disorders. Some contaminants are categorized as toxic and carcinogenic.estimate the impact of air pollution in Jakarta is associated with premature mortality, hospital admissions, reduced working days effective, and ISNA in 1998 amounting to 1.8 trillion and would increase to 4.3 trillion rupiah in 2015.2. Impact on plantPlants growing in areas with high air pollution levels can be stunted and prone to diseases, such as chlorosis, necrosis, and dark spots. Particulate deposited on plant surfaces may hamper the process of photosynthesis.3. Acid rainnormal pH of rainwater is 5.6 due to the presence of CO2 in the atmosphere. Air pollutants such as SO2 and NO2 reacts with water to form acid rain and lower the pH of rain water. The impact of acid rain, among others:Affect the quality of surface waterDamage cropsDissolve heavy metals contained in soil that affect the quality of ground water and surface waterMaterial is corrosive and damaging buildings.
  4. The greenhouse effectThe greenhouse effect is caused by the presence of CO2, CFCs, methane, ozone, and N2O in the troposphere which absorbs solar radiation reflected by the Earth's surface. As a result, the heat trapped in the troposphere and cause global warming phenomenon.The impact of global warming are:Increase in the average temperature of the earthMelting of polar iceRegional and global climate changeChanges in the life cycle of flora and fauna5. Damage to the ozone layerThe ozone layer is located in the stratosphere (20-35 km altitude) is a natural protective filter function earth ultraviolet B radiation from the sun. The formation and decomposition of ozone molecules (O3) occurs naturally in the stratosphere. Emissions of CFCs reach the stratosphere is very stable and causes the rate of decomposition of ozone molecules faster than its formation, thus forming the holes in the ozone layer.Air Pollution SolutionSolutions to address the city's air pollution is mainly aimed at the improvement of the transport sector, without ignoring other sectors. This case we need to learn from other major cities in the world, which has managed to reduce urban air pollution and morbidity and mortality caused by it.* Granting permission for a small public transport should be limited, while the mass transportation vehicles, such as buses and trains, reproduced.* Restrictions age of vehicle, especially for public transport, need to be considered as one solution. Therefore, the older the vehicle, especially the less well maintained, the greater the potential to contribute to air pollutants.* The biggest potential pollution by motor vehicle is a traffic jam and climbs. Therefore, traffic control, signs, and crack down on violations of driving can help address traffic congestion and reduce air pollution.* Provision of inhibiting the rate of settlement or vehicles in alleys often termed a "sleeping policeman" is precisely the source of pollution. Vehicle will slow* Emissions test should be performed periodically on public transport or private although test quotes (spot check). Should be considered and taken into account the additional authority for the traffic police to conduct emissions testing in addition to check the papers and the completeness of the other vehicle.* Planting trees in broadleaf roadsides, especially the heaviest traffic and at the corners of the city, also reducing air pollution