Selasa, 14 Mei 2013

Berikut Cara Membuat Menu Horizontal Blog Drop Down



  1. Masuk ke akun blogger anda
  2. Pilih dan klik Template >> Edit Html >> Lanjutkan >> centang Expand Template Widget >> tekan Ctrl + F di keyboard
  3. Cari kode ]]></b:skin>
  4. Masukkan kode CSS berikut tepat diatas ]]></b:skin>
    #navdropdownsearchengine { background: #000; width: 400px; height: 10px; font-size: 11px; font-family: Trebuchet MS, Tahoma, Verdana; color: #fff; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
    #navdropdownseleft { width: 400px; float: left; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    #navdropdownse { margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    #navdropdownse ul { float: left; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    #navdropdownse li { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    #navdropdownse li a, #navdropdownse li a:link, #navdropdownse li a:visited { background: #222222; height: 15px; color: #fff; display: block; font-size: 11px; font-family: trebuchet ms, ; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; margin: 0; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:5px; padding-left:13px; padding-right:13px; border-right: 1px solid #000; }
    #navdropdownse li a:hover, #navdropdownse li a:active {background: #222222; color: #ffffff; margin: 0; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:5px; padding-left:13px; padding-right:13px; text-decoration: none; }
    #navdropdownse li li a, #navdropdownse li li a:link, #navdropdownse li li a:visited { background: #ffffff; width: 150px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-family: trebuchet ms,; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none; float: none; margin: 0; padding: 7px 10px; border: 1px solid #000; }
    #navdropdownse li li a:hover, #navdropdownse li li a:active { background: #222222; color: #ffffff; padding: 7px 10px; }
    #navdropdownse li { float: left; padding: 0; }
    #navdropdownse li ul { z-index: 9999; position: absolute; left: -999em; height: auto; width: 170px; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    #navdropdownse li ul a { width: 140px; }
    #navdropdownse li ul ul { margin: -32px 0 0 171px; }
    #navdropdownse li:hover ul ul, #navdropdownse li:hover ul ul ul, #navdropdownse li.sfhover ul ul, #navdropdownse li.sfhover ul ul ul { left: -999em; }
    #navdropdownse li:hover ul, #navdropdownse li li:hover ul, #navdropdownse li li li:hover ul, #navdropdownse li.sfhover ul, #navdropdownse li li.sfhover ul, #navdropdownse li li li.sfhover ul { left: auto; }
    #navdropdownse li:hover, #navdropdownse li.sfhover { position: static; }
  5. Cari kode dengan struktur seperti berikut ini
    <div id='header-outer'>
    <div id='header-inter'>
    <div id='header-wrapper'>
    <b:section class='header' id='header' maxwidgets='1' showaddelement='no'>
    <b:widget id='Header1' locked='true' title=' (Header)' type='Header'>
    <b:includable id='title'>
    ----------------------
    ----------------------
    ----------------------
    </b:includable>
    </b:widget>
    </b:section>
    </div>
    </div>
    </div>


    Letakkan kode berikut tepat dibawah kode </b:section> diatas

    <div class='menuhorisontal'>
    <ul id='navdropdownse'>
    <li><a href='#'>Menu DropDown</a></li>
    <li><a href='#'>Menu DropDown A</a>
    <ul>
    <li><a href='#'>Menu DropDown Sub A1</a></li>
    <li><a href='#'>Menu DropDown Sub A2</a></li>
    <li><a href='#'>Menu DropDown Sub A3</a></li></ul></li>

    <li><a href='#'>Menu DropDown B</a> </li>
    <li><a href='#'>Menu DropDown C</a> </li>

    <li><a href='#'>Menu DropDown D</a>
    <ul>
    <li><a href='#'>Menu DropDown Sub D1</a></li>
    <li><a href='#'>Menu DropDown Sub D2</a></li>
    <li><a href='#'>Menu DropDown Sub D3</a></li></ul></li>
    <li><a href='#'>Menu DropDown E</a> </li>
    </ul>
    </div>
  6. Selesai. Silahkan pratinjau perubahan blog anda, jika tidak ada error maka pada tampilan Preview, anda akan melihat tampilan menu horizontal blog drop down
  7. Simpan Template
Semoga bermanfaat dan bisa diterapkan dalam blog anda setelah membaca artikel ini, Cara Membuat Menu Horizontal Blog Drop Down

Minggu, 12 Mei 2013

pencemaran tanah (Soil pollution)

It said soil pollution due to soil contamination is the meaning of the state where it has broken ground in the context of another infertile due to certain wastes that can harm organisms around it. This contamination usually occurs due to leakage of liquid waste, natural or chemical factorsSoil quality can be reduced due to the process of erosion by flowing water sehinggakesuburannya will be reduced. In addition, deteriorating soil quality can be caused juaga solid waste landfills.According to sources, solid waste derived from household waste (domestic), industrial and natural (plant). As for the type, waste can be divided into organic and inorganic waste. Organic waste from the remains of living things, such as leaves, dead animals, and paper. The inorganic waste is usually derived from industrial waste, such as plastics, metals and cans.Organic waste is generally easily destroyed and decomposed by microorganisms in the soil. The inorganic waste is not easily destroyed and can degrade soil quality.
 
What material is said to be polluting the soil?A material is said to soil contaminants if it is material or material of organic and inorganic wastes harmful organisms in the soil. For example:1. Inorganic materials that can not be broken down by bacteria, such as plastic waste.2. Liquid wastes such as detergents, if seep into the ground will damage the water content of the soil and kill bacterial decomposition3. Industrial waste, such as leftover paper processing, fish, and meat.4. Wastewater produced by industrial metal coatings, such as arsenic, lead. Every industry should have a waste treatment plant to process waste before disposal overboard.5. Agricultural waste, like the rest of urea fertilizer and pesticide use eradication of pests, such as DDT. So that the soil is not contaminated by waste urea, petanui should limit the use of this fertilizer.Concrete facts of soil contaminationWe all know that Indonesia is a country that is very rich in natural resources. One such property, Indonesia has very fertile land in the region because it is a young age, so that in it there are many volcanoes are capable of restoring the surface of a rich young again nutrients.But over time, the fertility of the land owned by Indonesia are not used according to the rules that apply without regard to the long-term impact resulting from the processing of the land.One of them, the implementation of development in the country undeniably has caused a positive impact on the wider community, such as the construction and mining industries has created new job opportunities for residents in the vicinity. But the success was often followed by a negative adverse impact society and the environment.Industrial estate development in agricultural areas and surrounding agricultural area cause a reduction, pollution of soil and water bodies which can reduce the quality and quantity of results / agricultural products, the disruption of the comfort and health of humans or other living things. While mining activities causing soil damage, erosion and sedimentation, as well as drought. Damage caused by mining activities are changed or lost form the Earth's surface, especially the mining is done openly leaving large holes in the surface of the earth. To obtain the ore, peeled and ground excavated using heavy equipment. The managers of mining left the area mined by without doing the rehabilitation or reclamation.DISCUSSIONSoil contamination is a state in which man-made chemicals enter and modify the natural soil environment. This contamination usually occurs because: leakage of liquid waste or industrial chemicals or commercial facilities; pesticide use; influx of contaminated ground water into the sub-surface layer; accident vehicles carrying oil, chemicals, or waste, water waste from landfills and industrial wastes are directly discharged into the ground are not eligible (illegal dumping).When a substance is hazardous / toxic has polluted the soil surface, then it can evaporate, and the rain washed away or into the ground. Pollution that goes into the ground and then terendap as toxic chemicals in the soil. Toxic substances in the soil can have a direct impact to humans when in contact or can contaminate ground water and the air above it.Due to the impact Brought Soil PollutionVarious impacts caused by land pollution, including:1. On healthThe impact of pollution on the health of the soil depends on the type of pollutant, pathway into the body and the vulnerability of the affected population. Chromium, a wide range of pesticides and herbicides are carcinogenic materials for all populations. This is particularly dangerous in children, because it can cause brain damage, and kidney damage in the entire population.Chronic exposure (continuous) to benzene at a certain concentration can increase the chances of developing leukemia. Mercury (mercury) and siklodiena known to cause kidney damage, some can not even be treated. PCB and siklodiena related to liver toxicity. Karmabat organophosphate and may cause neuromuscular disorders. Various solvents containing chlorine stimulates changes in the liver and kidneys and central nervous system decline. There are several types of health effects that looked like headache, dizziness, fatigue, eye irritation and skin rashes to exposure to chemicals mentioned above. What is clear, in large doses, can cause soil contamination Death.2. On EcosystemsSoil pollution can also have an impact on the ecosystem. Radical changes in soil chemical that can arise from the presence of toxic chemicals / hazardous even at low doses though. These changes can lead to changes in the metabolism of endemic microorganisms and arthropods that live in the soil environment. As a result, it can even destroy some of the primary species food chain, which can give a great result against predators or other levels of the food chain. Even if the effect of the chemical on the bottom of the lower forms of life, the bottom of the food pyramid can ingest foreign chemicals that will eventually concentrated on residents creatures pyramid above. Many of these effects are seen at this time, as the concentration of DDT in birds causes eggshell fragility, increased seedling mortality rate and the possible loss of the species.Impacts on agriculture, especially plant metabolic changes that could eventually lead to declining crop yields. This can lead to further impacts on the conservation of plants where the plant is not able to hold the layers of soil erosion. Some of these pollutants has a long half-life and in other cases derivative chemicals are formed from the main soil pollutants.Handling To DoThere are several steps to reduce the impact handlers posed by soil contamination. Among them:1. RemediationRemediation is an activity to clean up contaminated soil surface. There are two types of soil remediation, ie in-situ (or on-site) and ex-situ (or off-site). Cleaning is a cleaning on-site at the location. This cleaning is cheaper and easier, consisting of cleaning, venting (injection), and bioremediation.Cleaning off-site includes excavation of contaminated soil and then taken to a safe area. After it in a safe area, the land was cleared of contaminants. The trick is, the land is kept in the tub / watertight tank, then pumped into a tub of cleaning agents / the tank. Furthermore pollutants pumped out of the basin which is then processed by the wastewater treatment facility. Off-site cleaning is far more expensive and complicated.2. BioremediationBioremediation is the process of cleaning the soil contamination using microorganisms (fungi, bacteria). Bioremediation aims to break down or degrade contaminants into less toxic materials or non-toxic (carbon dioxide and water).ConclusionSoil contamination is a state where it has broken ground in the context of another infertile due to certain wastes that can harm organisms around it. The soil contamination caused by sewage, human, natural or chemical factors.There are several ways to reduce the impact of soil contamination, including the remediation and bioremidiasi.

EKOSISTEM PANTAI

ekosistem pantai tak lain adalah sebuah kesatuan di alam dimana semua komponen baik itu abiotik maupun biotik saling berinteraksi dan memungkinkan terjadinya aliran energi. Selain itu, interkasi tersebut juga membentuk sebuah struktur biotik juga siklus materi antara abiotik dan biotik. Sebagai sebuah ekosistem, unsur-unsur atau komponen yang tercakup di dalam ekosistem pantai antara lain:
  1. Komponen abiotik mencakup suhu, cahaya, iklim, bebatuan sedimen, air dan lain-lain.
  2. Komponen produsen seperti misalnya alga lat, lamun, bakau dan masih banyak lagi lainnya.
  3. Komponen Konsumen misalnya kerang, ikan, udang dan masih banyak lagi lainnya.
  4. Komponen pengurai atau decomposer misalnya virus, jamur dan bakteri.
Ciri-ciri Ekosistem Pantai

Ada beberapa hal yang menjadi ciri utama ekosistem pantai yang sehat dan baik, antara lain:
  1. Garis pantai permanen terjaga dengan baik, yakni wilayah laut yang berbatasan dengan daratan.
  2. Terdapat kawasan ekosistem mangrove dengan jumlah ideal 30% dari jumlah total luas pesisir.
  3. Terdapat pola usaha budidaya jenis air payau dengan berpegang pada wawasan lingkungan yang baik.
  4. Pencemaran pantai bisa dikendalikan secara baik dengan metode alamiah atau dengan campur tangan manusia.
  5. Pantai berperan sebagai rumah yang baik bagi mahluk hidup dan bisa menjadi sumber penghidupan bagi manusia di sekitarnya.
 
Ekosistem pantai dikenal sebagai salah satu jenis ekosistem yang unik sebab mencakup tiga unsur yakni tanah di daratan, air di lautan dan juga udara. Pantai merupakan pertemuan antara ekosistem daratan dan juga ekosistem akuatik. Ada beberapa satuan ekosistem yang tercakup di dalam ekosistem pantai antara lain:
  1. Ekosistem Terumbu Karang atau Corall Reef.
  2. Ekosistem Hutan Bakau atau Mangrove.
  3. Ekosistem Padang lamun atau Sea Grass.
  4. Ekosistem Muara Suangai atau Estuari.
  5. Ekosistem Pantai Berpasir atau Sandu Beach.
  6. Ekosistem Pantai berbatu atau Rocky Beach.
Yang menjadi ekosistem paling utama di wilayan pesisir pantai adalah ekosistem terumbu karang ,mangrove dan juga padang lamun.

Ekosistem pantai
sangat dipengaruhi oleh siklus harian arus yang pasang dan surut. Dengan demikina, flora dan fauna yang bisa bertahan di pantai adalah mereka yang bisa beradaptasi dengan cara melekat ke substrat keras agar tidak terhempas gelombang. Wilayah paling atas dari ekosistem pantai adalah titik yang hanya terkena air pada saat pasang naik tinggi. Area ini didiami beberapa jenis moluska, ganggang, kerang, dan beberapa jenis burung pantai. Sementara itu, titik tengah pantai terendam jika pasang tinggi juga pasang rendah. Tempat ini didiami beberapa organisme semisal anemone laut, remis, siput, ganggang, porifera dan masih banyak lagi lainnya. Sementara itu wilayah terdalam dari ekosistem pantai dihuni oleh beragam jenis mahluk invertebrate juga ikan dan berbagai jenis rumput laut.

LIMBAH INDUSTRI

1.    Pengertian limbah Industri
Limbah adalah buangan yang dihasilkan dari suatu proses produksi baik industri maupun domestik (rumah tangga), yang kehadirannya pada suatu saat dan tempat tertentu tidak dikehendaki lingkungan karena tidak memiliki nilai ekonomis. Bila ditinjau secara kimiawi, limbah ini terdiri dari bahan kimia organik dan anorganik. Dengan konsentrasi dan kuantitas tertentu, kehadiran limbah dapat
berdampak negatif terhadap lingkungan terutama bagi kesehatan manusia,
sehingga perlu dilakukan penanganan terhadap limbah. Tingkat bahaya keracunan yang ditimbulkan oleh limbah tergantung pada jenis dan karakteristik limbah.

Karakteristik limbah:
1. Berukuran mikro
2. Dinamis
3. Berdampak luas (penyebarannya)
4. Berdampak jangka panjang (antar generasi)
Faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas limbah adalah:
1. Volume limbah
2. Kandungan bahan pencemar
3. Frekuensi pembuangan limbah
Berdasarkan karakteristiknya, limbah industri dapat digolongkan menjadi 4
1. Limbah cair
2.Limbah padat
3. Limbah gas dan partikel
4. Limbah B3 (Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun)
Untuk mengatasi limbah ini diperlukan pengolahan dan penanganan limbah. Pada
dasarnya pengolahan limbah ini dapat dibedakan menjadi:
1. pengolahan menurut tingkatan perlakuan
2. pengolahan menurut karakteristik limbah

2. Dampak-dampak Berbagai Jenis limbah indsutri
1. Limbah Industri Pangan
Sektor Industri/usaha kecil pangan yang mencemari lingkungan antara lain ; tahu, tempe, tapioka dan pengolahan ikan (industri hasil laut). Limbah usaha kecil pangan dapat menimbulkan masalah dalam penanganannya karena mengandung sejumlah besar karbohidrat, protein, lemak , garam-garam, mineral, dan sisa0sisa bahan kimia yang digunakan dalam pengolahan dan pembersihan. Sebagai contohnya limbah industri tahu, tempe, tapioka industri hasil laut dan industri pangan lainnya, dapat menimbulkan bau yang menyengat dan polusi berat pada air bila pembuangannya tidak diberi perlakuan yang tepat. Air buangan (efluen) atau limbah buangan dari pengolahan pangan dengan Biological Oxygen Demand ( BOD) tinggi dan mengandung polutan seperti tanah, larutan alkohol, panas dan insektisida. Apabila efluen dibuang langsung ke suatu perairan akibatnya menganggu seluruh keseimbangan ekologik dan bahkan dapat
menyebabkan kematian ikan dan biota perairan lainnya.


2. Limbah Industri Kimia & Bahan Bangunan
Industri kimia seperti alkohol dalam proses pembuatannya membutuhkan air sangat besar, mengeakibatkan pula besarnya limbah cair yang dikeluarkan kelingkungan sekitarnya. Air limbahnya bersifat mencemari karena didalamnya terkandung mikroorganisme, senyawa organik dan anorganik baik terlarut maupun tersuspensi serta senyawa tambahan yang terbentuk selama proses permentasi berlangsung. Industri ini mempunyai limbah cair selain dari proses produksinya juga, air sisa pencucian peralatan, limbah padat berupa onggokan hasil perasan, endapan Ca SO4, gas berupa uap alkohol. kategori limbah industri ini adalah llimbah bahan beracun berbahayan (B3) yang mencemari air dan udara. Gangguan terhadap kesehatan yang dapat ditimbulkan efek bahan kimia toksik :

a. Keracunan yang akut, yakni keracunan akibat masuknya dosis tertentu
kedalam tubuh melalui mulut, kulit, pernafasan dan akibatnya dapat dilihat
dengan segera, misalnya keracunan H2S, Co dalan dosis tinggi. Dapat
menimbulkan lemas dan kematian. Keracunan Fenal dapat menimbulkan sakit
perut dan sebagainya.

b. Keracunan kronis, sebagai akibat masuknya zat-zat toksis kedalam tubuh
dalam dosis yang kecil tetapi terus menerus dan berakumulasi dalam tubuh,
sehingga efeknya baru terasa dalam jangka panjang misalnya keracunan timbal,
arsen, raksa, asbes dan sebagainya. Industri fermentasi seperti alkohol disamping bisa membahayakan pekerja apabila menghirup zat dalam udara selama bekerja apabila tidak sesuai dengan Threshol Limit Valued (TLV) gas atau uap beracun dari industri juga dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan masyarakat sekitar. Kegiatan lain sektor ini yang mencemari lingkungan adalah industri yang menggunakan bahan baku dari barang galian seperti batako putih, genteng, batu kapur/gamping dan kerajinan batu bata. Pencemaran timbul sebagai akibat dari penggalian yang dilakukan terus-menerus sehingga meninggalkan kubah0kubah yang sudah tidak mengandung hara sehingga apabila tidak dikreklamasi tidak dapat ditanami untuk ladang pertanian.

3. Limbah Industri Sandang Kulit & Aneka
Sektor sandang dan kulit seperti pencucian batik, batik printing, penyamakan kuit dapat mengakibatkan pencemaran karena dalam proses pencucian memerlukanair sebagai mediumnya dalam jumlah yang besar. Proses ini menimbulkan air buangan (bekas Proses) yang besar pula, dimana air buangan mengandung sisa- sisa warna, BOD tinggi, kadar minyak tinggi dan beracun (mengandung limbah B3 yang tinggi).
4. Limbah Industri Logam & Ekektronika.
Bahan buangan yang dihasilkan dari industri besi baja seperti mesin bubut, cor logam dapat menimbulkan pemcemaran lingkungan. Sebagian besar bahan
pencemarannya berupa debu, asap dan gas yang mengotori udarasekitarnya.
Selain pencemaran udara oleh bahan buangan, kebisingan yang ditimbulkan mesin
dalam industri baja (logam) mengganggu ketenangan sekitarnya. kadar bahan
pencemar yang tinggi dan tingkat kebisingan yang berlebihan dapat mengganggu
kesehatan manusia baik yang bekerja dalam pabrik maupun masyarakat sekitar.
Walaupun industri baja/logam tidak menggunakan larutan kimia, tetapi industri
ini memcemari air karena buanganya dapat mengandung minyak pelumas dan
asam-asam yang berasal dari proses pickling untukmembersihkan bahan plat,
sedangkan bahan buangan padat dapat dimanfaatkan kembali.
Bahaya dari bahan-bahan pencemar yang mungkin dihaslkan dari proses-proses
dalam industri besi-baja/logam terhadap kesehatan yaitu :

a. Debu, dapat menyebabkan iritasi, sesak nafas
b. Kebisingan, mengganggu pendengaran, menyempitkan pembuluh darah,
ketegangan otot, menurunya kewaspadaan, kosentrasi pemikiran dan efisiensi
kerja.
c. Karbon Monoksida (CO), dapat menyebabkan gangguan serius, yang
diawali dengan napas pendek dan sakit kepala, berat, pusing-pusing pikiran kacau
dan melemahkan penglihatan dan pendengaran. Bila keracunan berat, dapat
mengakibatkan pingsan yang bisa diikuti dengan kematian.
d. Karbon Dioksida (CO2), dapat mengakibatkan sesak nafas, kemudian sakit kepala, pusing-pusing, nafas pendek, otot lemah, mengantuk dan telinganya
berdenging.
e. Belerang Dioksida (SO2), pada konsentrasi 6-12 ppm dapat menyebabkan
iritasi pada hidung dan tenggorokan, peradangan lensa mata (pada konsentrasi 20
ppm), pembengkakan paru-paru/celah suara.
f.     Minyak pelumas, buangan dapat menghambat proses oksidasi biologi dari
sistem lingkungan, bila bahan pencemar dialirkan keseungai, kolam atau sawah
dan sebagainya.
g. Asap, dapat mengganggu pernafasan, menghalangi pandangan, dan bila
tercampur dengan gas CO2, SO2, maka akan memberikan pengaruh yang
nenbahayakan seperti yang telah diuraikan diatas.
Berbagai industri rumah tangga banyak menghasilkan limbah-limbah yang bisa
mencemari lingkungan,misalnya saja industri pengolahan ikan, penolahan tepung
tapioca, industri tahu tempe, industri pengolahan aren seperti uraian di bawah ini.
diharapkan dapat menjadi produk andalan industri kecil.
  3. Penanggulangan Limbah Industri
Limbah dari industri terutama yang mengandung bahan-bahan kimia, sebelum dibuang harus diolah terlebih dahulu. Hal tersebut akan mengurangi bahan pencemar di perairan. Denan demikian, bahan dari limbah pencemar yang mengandung bahan-bahan yang bersifat racun dapat dihilangkan sehingga tidak mengganggu ekosistem.
Menempatkan pabrik atau kawasan industri di daerah yang jauh dari keramaian penduduk. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menghindari pengaruh buruk dari limbah pabrik dan asap pabrik terhadap kehidupan masyarakat.

pencemaran air dan solusinya (Water pollution and Solutions)


1. WATERWater is a primary requirement for life on Earth, especially for humans. Where it is clear we realize that water is the source of life, without water creatures such as we can not survive. For example, the drought will always hit, even more indiscriminate thirst.Therefore, if the water is to be used contain contaminants will interfere with human health, lead poisoning is very dangerous because it can even cause death.

2 WATER POLLUTIONWater pollution is a change of state in a water reservoirs such as lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater caused by human activities. Although natural phenomena such as volcanoes, hurricanes, earthquakes etc. also cause major changes to water quality, it is not considered as pollution.There are several causes of water pollution such as water if the water is contaminated with pollutants such as household garbage, industrial waste valley, the remains of fertilizers or pesticides from agricultural areas, hospital waste, manure waste, solid particulates result of forest fires and erupting volcano or sediment erosion results places in its path.Pollution has two sources, namely Sources Direct Indirect Source• Source Direct• Sources - Direct source is waste (effluent) from the source pencemarnya wastes factory or an activity and domestic waste such as feces and waste water disposal former laundry, and garbage.• Contamination occurs because these discharges waste directly into the water bodies, (system) such as rivers, canals, ditches or gutters.• Indirect Sources• Sources - indirect sources are contaminants that enter through the ground water from contamination in both surface water and industrial waste from domestic waste ..• Given that water is a component of the environment, and water pollution is part of the environmental pollution. Water pollution need to be in control as a result of water pollution can reduce the use of water as a basic capital and the main factor of development.• The term pollution of water formed by the used fluid that circulate back to the open water for granted, and cause a variety of adverse impacts society or the environment.3. PollutantsAmong the many existing water pollutants are toxic and dangerous and can cause death. It has been learned that water pollutants such as there are in the form of heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), beryllium (Be), Boron (B), copper (Cu), fluorine (F), lead (Pb) , mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), there is a form of carbon oxides (CO and CO2), nitrogen oxides ¬ oxides (NO and NO2), sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3), H2S, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), a compound / ion chloride, solid particulates such as asbestos, soil / mud, hydrocarbons such as methane, and heksana.Bahan these pollutants are in the water, there is a solution that some are in the form of particulates , which is entered through a food that carried over into the digestion or through skin.Pollutant elements in the universe are in the water or in wastewater. Although the above elements required in small amounts in food animals and grow ¬ plants, but if the polynomial would be toxic, sample copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) and molibdium essential for plants but is toxic to animals.Pollutants that accumulate in the body tissues are toxic to the body organs, so that the organs can not function anymore and can lead to impaired health may even unto death.In addition to air pollutants such as mentioned above there are also contaminants such as pathogens (bacteria / viruses) such as bacteria coli, dysentery, cholera, typhus, the typhoid, liver, ¬ diarrhea and various skin diseases. The pollutants carried by surface water such as river water from household waste water, waste water, hospital, carrying human waste or animal waste.4 WASTE1 Source Liquid Waste• Liquid waste consists of domestic wastewater from residential and commercial centers as well as offices, hotels, hospitals, places of "public, traffic, etc.. BOD5 (biological oxygen dmand)• Liquid Waste is waste that comes from induatri. Properties relative industrial wastewater varies depending on the raw material that is in use, water use in the process, and any additives used during the production process.• Agricultural Waste from waste water which is channeled back to the irrigation drainage or seep into the ground. This waste will mempengruhi turbidity BOD5, COD, pH. but also the levels of elements N, P, and pesticides, insecticides• Mining waste from the processing waste that occurs diarea eg mining bonanza. This waste will affect the level of turbidity BOD5, COD, pH, but also the levels of the chemical that is used in the mining process ..2. Sources and Characteristics of Liquid Wastea. Characteristics of Liquid Waste• Characteristics of wastewater expressed in terms of the quality and quantity of wastewater generated liquid waste stream.• effluent quality is measured on levels of physical, chemical and biological. Parameters that are measured are as follows:• Physical parameters such as solids (solid particles) that exist in water (total solids, suspended solids and dissolved solids); colors; odor and temperature• Chemical parameters in addition to a level of BOD5, COD, and TOC which describes the content of organic matter in the waste, also compounds related to anomia free, organic nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus, sulfate, chloride, sulfur, heavy metals ( Fe, Al, Mn and Pb), and gases (H2O, CO2, O2, and CH4)• biological parameters are also important because there are thousands and thousands of bacteria per millimeter in the waste water that has not been processed. The type of bacteria that is measured Coli bacteria group.1 WASTEThere are several causes of water pollution such as water if the water is contaminated with pollutants one of which is household waste.2.1.1 Liquid Waste Household• Liquid waste consists of domestic wastewater from residential and commercial centers as well as offices, hotels, hospitals, places of "public, traffic, etc.. BOD5 (biological oxygen dmand)2.1.2 Household Solid Waste• Domestic solid waste consists of plastic, metal, bottles, broken glass, etc..2 NEGATIVE IMPACT OF HOUSEHOLD WASTEHere are the negative impacts of household waste that enters the marine environment:1. Eutrophication, the biggest cause is a river that empties into the ocean, sewage is carried by one of the chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans. One of the most commonly found are detergent. Eutrophication is being overly fertile waters resulting explosion of algae and phytoplankton competing for received light for photosynthesis. Because too much then the algae and phytoplankton at the bottom will experience mass death, as well as a competition in O2 consumption because too many organisms at the site. Residual respiration produces so much CO2 into the waters of anoxic conditions and cause mass death in the animals in these waters.2. Increased CO2 emissions result from the number of vehicles, the use of redundant power and industrial waste will give effect to an increase in ocean acidity. CO2 increase would be bad for humans associated with respiratory health. One function of the ocean is as absorbing and neutralizing the biggest CO2 in the earth. When CO2 in the atmosphere increases, the sea will absorb more CO2 resulting in increased ocean acidity. This affects the ability of corals and other shellfish to form shells. If this continues over time the animals will become extinct in the near term.3. Plastic, which became the largest and most dangerous problem. Many animals that live on or in the sea consume plastic by mistake, because not infrequently found in the sea of ​​plastic that looks like food for marine animals. Plastic can not be digested and will continue to be the animal's digestive organs, thus blocking the digestive tract and causing death through starvation or infection. Plastics accumulate because they do not easily decompose, they will photodegrade (decomposed by sunlight) on exposure to sunlight, but can only terpjadi in dry conditions. While the plastic water just will split into pieces smaller, but still polymers, even down to the molecular level. When floating plastic particles up to the size of zooplankton and other animals are consumed by larger, that way the plastic into the food chain. Many of the pieces of this plastic ends up in the stomach seabirds and other marine animals, including sea turtles. Toxic materials used in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics material and into the environment when exposed to water. These toxins are hydrophobic (binding with water) and spread on the surface of the sea. Thus the plastic far more deadly in the ocean than on land. Hydrophobic contaminants also can accumulate in fat tissue, so the plastic toxins known to disrupt the endocrine system when consumed, and can suppress the immune system or decrease reproductive rates.3. HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENTEfforts easy to do to reduce the influence of household waste for the environment include: use environmentally friendly products and reduce plastic waste with 3 R / 3 M Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle).To prevent water pollution, in our activities to meet the needs of life should not increase the occurrence of contaminants such as not removing household waste, hospital waste, waste / industrial waste in vain, do not throw water into the river, lake or to in the ditch. Do not use excessive fertilizers and pesticides, as runoff from fertilizers and pesticides will pollute the water in the farm environment. Not use phosphate detergents, because phosphate compound is food for aquatic plants such as water hyacinth which can cause water pollution.Water pollution that has occurred naturally for example the amount of heavy metals that enter and accumulate in the human body, these heavy metals can be toxic to the body through the digestive organs because the body eat plants that contain heavy metals though required in small quantities. The buildup of these heavy metals occur in plants as contaminated by industrial waste. To overcome in order to avoid accumulation of heavy metals, the industrial waste processing should be performed prior to discharge to the environment.4. WASTEIndustrial waste before disposal to landfill, poured into the river or ditch should be collected in a space provided, then processed, so if unavoidable should not be discharged into the river causing water pollution. Even if it can not be discarded after being processed into the river but can be used again for its own industrial purposes.Solid waste from households in the form of plastic or synthetic fibers that can not be broken down by microorganisms separated and then processed into other useful materials, for example, can be processed into a doormat. Organic waste which can be broken down by microorganisms buried in holes in the ground, then when it's rotting can be used as fertilizer.

pencemaran udara dan solusinya (AIR POLLUTION IMPACTS AND SOLUTIONS)

Air pollution is the presence of one or more physical substance, chemical, or biological atmospheric quantities that could endanger human health, animals, and plants, interfere with the aesthetics and comfort, or property damage. Air pollution can be caused by natural sources and human activities. Some definitions of physical disturbances such as noise, heat, radiation or light pollution is considered as air pollution. The nature of air pollution impacts may be direct and local, regional, and global levels.
 
Air is an important factor in life, but with increasing physical development and town centers of industry, air quality has changed. The air that was once fresh is now dry and dirty. This if not immediately addressed, these changes can be harmful to human health, animal and plant life. Air pollution is defined as the presence of substances or foreign substances in the air that causes the change in the (composition) of air from its normal state. The presence of a foreign substance or substances in the air in a certain amount and be in the air in a long time, will be able to interfere with human life. When such a situation occurs then the air is said to have been contaminated. Based on Government Regulation No.. 41, 1999 regarding Air Pollution Control, is the air pollution is the inclusion or dimaksuknya substances, energy and / or other components into the ambient air by human activities so that the ambient air quality decreases to a certain level which causes ambient air does not fulfill its function.It has been realized together, the current air quality has become a global issue, because the air has been polluted by human activities and natural processes. Entry of contaminants into the air can be quite naturally, such as forest fire smoke, caused by volcanoes, meteorites and dust emission of sea salt; also largely caused by human activity, for example due to the activity of transport, industry, waste disposal, either due to decomposition or burning and household activitiesThere are 2 types of pollutants are as follows:
    
a. The primary contaminants, the chemical that directly contaminate the air in harmful concentrations. The substance bersal of natural air components such as carbon dioxide, which rises above the normal concentration, or something that does not usually, found in the air, such as lead.
     
b. Secondary pollutants, harmful chemicals that are formed in the atmosphere through chemical reactions between the components of air.The primary pollutant source can be further divided into two major categories:
      
1. Natural resourcesSome natural events which can cause air pollution is volcanic activity, forest fires, the activities of microorganisms, and others. Generated pollutants generally is smoke, gases, and dust.
      
2. Manmade sourcesHuman activities that generate pollutants assortment include the following activities:
   
a. Combustion, such as waste incineration, combustion in household activities, industrial, automotive, and others. Pollutants generated include smoke, dust, grit (fine sand), and gas (CO and NO).
     
b. Smelting process, such as steel smelting process, making soda, cement, ceramics, asphalt. While it produces pollutants include dust, fumes and gases.
    
c. Mining and quarrying, such mining minerals and metals. Pollutants generated mainly dust.
    
d. Such as processing and heating processes in the food processing, meat, fish, and tanning. Pollutants generated mainly smoke, dust, and odors.
     
e. Waste disposal, both industrial waste and household waste. Contamination is primarily from the water treatment plant discharge. While materials are teruatam pencemarnya H2S gas which is causing foul smell.
    
f. Chemical processes, such as the process of fertilization, the process of refining petroleum, mineral processing. Kris-making, and others. Pollutants generated include dust, fumes and gases
     
g. Development process such as the construction of buildings, roads and such activities. Pencemarnya material which is mainly smoke and dust.
    
h. Experimental atomic or nuclear processes. Pencemarnya materials are mainly gases and radioactive dust.
      
Types of Air PollutantsThere are several air pollutants that are often found in cities. Judging from the physical characteristics, pollutants can be:a. Particles (dust, aerosols, lead)b. Gas (carbon monoxide / CO, sulfur oxides / SOx, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides / NOx, H2S and oxidant ozone and PAN)c. Energy (temperature and noise)Pollutants is subject to special rules for monitoring because it can be dangerous to health.Impact of Air Pollution1. Health impactsSubstances contained in air pollutants can enter the body through the respiratory system. Away penetration of contaminants into the body depending on the type of pollutant. Large particulates can be retained in the upper respiratory tract, whereas small-sized particulates and gases can reach the lungs. Of the lungs, pollutants are absorbed by the circulatory system and spread throughout the body.Health impact of the most common is the ISNA (upper respiratory infection), including, asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory disorders. Some contaminants are categorized as toxic and carcinogenic.estimate the impact of air pollution in Jakarta is associated with premature mortality, hospital admissions, reduced working days effective, and ISNA in 1998 amounting to 1.8 trillion and would increase to 4.3 trillion rupiah in 2015.2. Impact on plantPlants growing in areas with high air pollution levels can be stunted and prone to diseases, such as chlorosis, necrosis, and dark spots. Particulate deposited on plant surfaces may hamper the process of photosynthesis.3. Acid rainnormal pH of rainwater is 5.6 due to the presence of CO2 in the atmosphere. Air pollutants such as SO2 and NO2 reacts with water to form acid rain and lower the pH of rain water. The impact of acid rain, among others:Affect the quality of surface waterDamage cropsDissolve heavy metals contained in soil that affect the quality of ground water and surface waterMaterial is corrosive and damaging buildings.
  
4. The greenhouse effectThe greenhouse effect is caused by the presence of CO2, CFCs, methane, ozone, and N2O in the troposphere which absorbs solar radiation reflected by the Earth's surface. As a result, the heat trapped in the troposphere and cause global warming phenomenon.The impact of global warming are:Increase in the average temperature of the earthMelting of polar iceRegional and global climate changeChanges in the life cycle of flora and fauna5. Damage to the ozone layerThe ozone layer is located in the stratosphere (20-35 km altitude) is a natural protective filter function earth ultraviolet B radiation from the sun. The formation and decomposition of ozone molecules (O3) occurs naturally in the stratosphere. Emissions of CFCs reach the stratosphere is very stable and causes the rate of decomposition of ozone molecules faster than its formation, thus forming the holes in the ozone layer.Air Pollution SolutionSolutions to address the city's air pollution is mainly aimed at the improvement of the transport sector, without ignoring other sectors. This case we need to learn from other major cities in the world, which has managed to reduce urban air pollution and morbidity and mortality caused by it.* Granting permission for a small public transport should be limited, while the mass transportation vehicles, such as buses and trains, reproduced.* Restrictions age of vehicle, especially for public transport, need to be considered as one solution. Therefore, the older the vehicle, especially the less well maintained, the greater the potential to contribute to air pollutants.* The biggest potential pollution by motor vehicle is a traffic jam and climbs. Therefore, traffic control, signs, and crack down on violations of driving can help address traffic congestion and reduce air pollution.* Provision of inhibiting the rate of settlement or vehicles in alleys often termed a "sleeping policeman" is precisely the source of pollution. Vehicle will slow* Emissions test should be performed periodically on public transport or private although test quotes (spot check). Should be considered and taken into account the additional authority for the traffic police to conduct emissions testing in addition to check the papers and the completeness of the other vehicle.* Planting trees in broadleaf roadsides, especially the heaviest traffic and at the corners of the city, also reducing air pollution