pencemaran air dan solusinya (Water pollution and Solutions)

1. WATERWater is a primary requirement for life on Earth, especially for humans. Where it is clear we realize that water is the source of life, without water creatures such as we can not survive. For example, the drought will always hit, even more indiscriminate thirst.Therefore, if the water is to be used contain contaminants will interfere with human health, lead poisoning is very dangerous because it can even cause death.

2 WATER POLLUTIONWater pollution is a change of state in a water reservoirs such as lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater caused by human activities. Although natural phenomena such as volcanoes, hurricanes, earthquakes etc. also cause major changes to water quality, it is not considered as pollution.There are several causes of water pollution such as water if the water is contaminated with pollutants such as household garbage, industrial waste valley, the remains of fertilizers or pesticides from agricultural areas, hospital waste, manure waste, solid particulates result of forest fires and erupting volcano or sediment erosion results places in its path.Pollution has two sources, namely Sources Direct Indirect Source• Source Direct• Sources - Direct source is waste (effluent) from the source pencemarnya wastes factory or an activity and domestic waste such as feces and waste water disposal former laundry, and garbage.• Contamination occurs because these discharges waste directly into the water bodies, (system) such as rivers, canals, ditches or gutters.• Indirect Sources• Sources - indirect sources are contaminants that enter through the ground water from contamination in both surface water and industrial waste from domestic waste ..• Given that water is a component of the environment, and water pollution is part of the environmental pollution. Water pollution need to be in control as a result of water pollution can reduce the use of water as a basic capital and the main factor of development.• The term pollution of water formed by the used fluid that circulate back to the open water for granted, and cause a variety of adverse impacts society or the environment.3. PollutantsAmong the many existing water pollutants are toxic and dangerous and can cause death. It has been learned that water pollutants such as there are in the form of heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), beryllium (Be), Boron (B), copper (Cu), fluorine (F), lead (Pb) , mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), there is a form of carbon oxides (CO and CO2), nitrogen oxides ¬ oxides (NO and NO2), sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3), H2S, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), a compound / ion chloride, solid particulates such as asbestos, soil / mud, hydrocarbons such as methane, and heksana.Bahan these pollutants are in the water, there is a solution that some are in the form of particulates , which is entered through a food that carried over into the digestion or through skin.Pollutant elements in the universe are in the water or in wastewater. Although the above elements required in small amounts in food animals and grow ¬ plants, but if the polynomial would be toxic, sample copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) and molibdium essential for plants but is toxic to animals.Pollutants that accumulate in the body tissues are toxic to the body organs, so that the organs can not function anymore and can lead to impaired health may even unto death.In addition to air pollutants such as mentioned above there are also contaminants such as pathogens (bacteria / viruses) such as bacteria coli, dysentery, cholera, typhus, the typhoid, liver, ¬ diarrhea and various skin diseases. The pollutants carried by surface water such as river water from household waste water, waste water, hospital, carrying human waste or animal waste.4 WASTE1 Source Liquid Waste• Liquid waste consists of domestic wastewater from residential and commercial centers as well as offices, hotels, hospitals, places of "public, traffic, etc.. BOD5 (biological oxygen dmand)• Liquid Waste is waste that comes from induatri. Properties relative industrial wastewater varies depending on the raw material that is in use, water use in the process, and any additives used during the production process.• Agricultural Waste from waste water which is channeled back to the irrigation drainage or seep into the ground. This waste will mempengruhi turbidity BOD5, COD, pH. but also the levels of elements N, P, and pesticides, insecticides• Mining waste from the processing waste that occurs diarea eg mining bonanza. This waste will affect the level of turbidity BOD5, COD, pH, but also the levels of the chemical that is used in the mining process ..2. Sources and Characteristics of Liquid Wastea. Characteristics of Liquid Waste• Characteristics of wastewater expressed in terms of the quality and quantity of wastewater generated liquid waste stream.• effluent quality is measured on levels of physical, chemical and biological. Parameters that are measured are as follows:• Physical parameters such as solids (solid particles) that exist in water (total solids, suspended solids and dissolved solids); colors; odor and temperature• Chemical parameters in addition to a level of BOD5, COD, and TOC which describes the content of organic matter in the waste, also compounds related to anomia free, organic nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus, sulfate, chloride, sulfur, heavy metals ( Fe, Al, Mn and Pb), and gases (H2O, CO2, O2, and CH4)• biological parameters are also important because there are thousands and thousands of bacteria per millimeter in the waste water that has not been processed. The type of bacteria that is measured Coli bacteria group.1 WASTEThere are several causes of water pollution such as water if the water is contaminated with pollutants one of which is household waste.2.1.1 Liquid Waste Household• Liquid waste consists of domestic wastewater from residential and commercial centers as well as offices, hotels, hospitals, places of "public, traffic, etc.. BOD5 (biological oxygen dmand)2.1.2 Household Solid Waste• Domestic solid waste consists of plastic, metal, bottles, broken glass, etc..2 NEGATIVE IMPACT OF HOUSEHOLD WASTEHere are the negative impacts of household waste that enters the marine environment:1. Eutrophication, the biggest cause is a river that empties into the ocean, sewage is carried by one of the chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans. One of the most commonly found are detergent. Eutrophication is being overly fertile waters resulting explosion of algae and phytoplankton competing for received light for photosynthesis. Because too much then the algae and phytoplankton at the bottom will experience mass death, as well as a competition in O2 consumption because too many organisms at the site. Residual respiration produces so much CO2 into the waters of anoxic conditions and cause mass death in the animals in these waters.2. Increased CO2 emissions result from the number of vehicles, the use of redundant power and industrial waste will give effect to an increase in ocean acidity. CO2 increase would be bad for humans associated with respiratory health. One function of the ocean is as absorbing and neutralizing the biggest CO2 in the earth. When CO2 in the atmosphere increases, the sea will absorb more CO2 resulting in increased ocean acidity. This affects the ability of corals and other shellfish to form shells. If this continues over time the animals will become extinct in the near term.3. Plastic, which became the largest and most dangerous problem. Many animals that live on or in the sea consume plastic by mistake, because not infrequently found in the sea of ​​plastic that looks like food for marine animals. Plastic can not be digested and will continue to be the animal's digestive organs, thus blocking the digestive tract and causing death through starvation or infection. Plastics accumulate because they do not easily decompose, they will photodegrade (decomposed by sunlight) on exposure to sunlight, but can only terpjadi in dry conditions. While the plastic water just will split into pieces smaller, but still polymers, even down to the molecular level. When floating plastic particles up to the size of zooplankton and other animals are consumed by larger, that way the plastic into the food chain. Many of the pieces of this plastic ends up in the stomach seabirds and other marine animals, including sea turtles. Toxic materials used in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics material and into the environment when exposed to water. These toxins are hydrophobic (binding with water) and spread on the surface of the sea. Thus the plastic far more deadly in the ocean than on land. Hydrophobic contaminants also can accumulate in fat tissue, so the plastic toxins known to disrupt the endocrine system when consumed, and can suppress the immune system or decrease reproductive rates.3. HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENTEfforts easy to do to reduce the influence of household waste for the environment include: use environmentally friendly products and reduce plastic waste with 3 R / 3 M Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle).To prevent water pollution, in our activities to meet the needs of life should not increase the occurrence of contaminants such as not removing household waste, hospital waste, waste / industrial waste in vain, do not throw water into the river, lake or to in the ditch. Do not use excessive fertilizers and pesticides, as runoff from fertilizers and pesticides will pollute the water in the farm environment. Not use phosphate detergents, because phosphate compound is food for aquatic plants such as water hyacinth which can cause water pollution.Water pollution that has occurred naturally for example the amount of heavy metals that enter and accumulate in the human body, these heavy metals can be toxic to the body through the digestive organs because the body eat plants that contain heavy metals though required in small quantities. The buildup of these heavy metals occur in plants as contaminated by industrial waste. To overcome in order to avoid accumulation of heavy metals, the industrial waste processing should be performed prior to discharge to the environment.4. WASTEIndustrial waste before disposal to landfill, poured into the river or ditch should be collected in a space provided, then processed, so if unavoidable should not be discharged into the river causing water pollution. Even if it can not be discarded after being processed into the river but can be used again for its own industrial purposes.Solid waste from households in the form of plastic or synthetic fibers that can not be broken down by microorganisms separated and then processed into other useful materials, for example, can be processed into a doormat. Organic waste which can be broken down by microorganisms buried in holes in the ground, then when it's rotting can be used as fertilizer.